The Charles Dickens Letters Project

To THE EDITORS OF THE DAILY NEWS,1 4 FEBRUARY 1846

Text from the Daily News, 4 Feb 1846, p. 4.2

Gentlemen,

           I offer no apology for entreating the attention of the readers of THE DAILY NEWS to an effort which has been making for some three years and a half, and which is making now, to introduce among the most miserable and neglected outcasts in London, some knowledge of the commonest principles of morality and religion; to commence their recognition as immortal human creatures, before the Gaol Chaplain becomes their only schoolmaster; to suggest to Society that its duty to this wretched throng, foredoomed to crime and punishment, rightfully begins at some distance from the police-office; and that the careless maintenance from year to year, in this the capital city of the world, of a vast hopeless nursery of ignorance, misery, and vice: a breeding-place for the hulks and jails: is horrible to contemplate.

           This attempt is being made, in certain of the most obscure and squalid parts of the Metropolis; where rooms are opened, at night, for the gratuitous instruction of all comers, children or adults, under the title of RAGGED SCHOOLS.3 The name implies the purpose. They who are too ragged, wretched, filthy, and forlorn, to enter any other place: who could gain admission into no charity-school,4 and who would be driven from any church-door: are invited to come in here, and find some people not depraved, willing to teach them something, and show them some sympathy, and stretch a hand out, which is not the iron hand of Law, for their correction.

           Before I describe a visit of my own to a RAGGED SCHOOL, and urge the readers of this letter for GOD’S sake to visit one themselves, and think of it (which is my main object), let me say, that I know the prisons of London, well. That I have visited the largest of them,5 more times than I could count; and that the Children in them are enough to break the heart and hope of any man. I have never taken a foreigner or a stranger of any kind, to one of these establishments, but I have seen him so moved at sight of the Child-Offenders, and so affected by the contemplation of their utter renouncement and desolation outside the prison walls, that he has been as little able to disguise his emotion, as if some great grief had suddenly burst upon him. Mr. CHESTERTON6 and Lieutenant TRACEY7 (than whom more intelligent and humane Governors of Prisons it would be hard, if not impossible, to find) know, perfectly well, that these children pass and repass through the prisons all their lives; that they are never taught; that the first distinctions between right and wrong are, from their cradles, perfectly confounded and perverted in their minds; that they come of untaught parents, and will give birth to another untaught generation; that in exact proportion to their natural abilities, is the extent and scope of their depravity; and that there is no escape or chance for them in any ordinary revolution of human affairs. Happily, there are schools in these prisons now. If any readers doubt how ignorant the children are, let them visit those schools and see them at their tasks, and hear how much they knew when they were sent there. If they would know the produce of this seed, let them see a class of men and boys together, at their books (as I have seen them in the House of Correction for this county of Middlesex),8 and mark how painfully the full-grown felons toil at the very shape and form of letters: their ignorance being so confirmed and solid. The contrast of this labour in the men, with the less-blunted quickness of the boys; the latent shame and sense of degradation struggling through their dull attempts at infant lessons; and the universal eagerness to learn; impress me, in this passing retrospect, more painfully than I can tell,9

           For the instruction, and as a first step in the reformation, of such unhappy beings, the RAGGED SCHOOLS were founded. I was first attracted to the subject, and indeed was first made conscious of their existence, about two years ago, or more, by seeing an advertisement in the papers dated from West-street, Saffron-hill, stating “That a room had been opened and supported in that wretched neighbourhood for upwards of twelve months, where religious instruction had been imparted to the poor,” and explaining in a few words what was meant by Ragged Schools as a generic term, including, then, four or five similar places of instruction.10 I wrote to the masters of this particular school to make some further inquiries,11 and went myself soon afterwards.12

           It was a hot summer night; and the air of Field-lane13 and Saffron-hill was not improved by such weather, nor were the people in those streets very sober or honest company. Being unacquainted with the exact locality of the school, I was fain to make some inquiries about it. These were very jocosely received in general; but everybody knew where it was, and gave the right direction to it. The prevailing idea among the loungers (the greater part of them the very sweepings of the streets and station-houses) seemed to be, that the teachers were quixotic, and the school upon the whole “a lark.” But there was certainly a kind of rough respect for the intention, and (as I have said) nobody denied the school or its whereabout, or refused assistance in directing to it.

           It consisted at that time of either two or three – I forget which – miserable rooms, up-stairs in a miserable house. In the best of these, the pupils in the female school were being taught to read and write; and though there were among the number, many wretched creatures steeped in degradation to the lips, they were tolerably quiet, and listened with apparent earnestness and patience to their instructors. The appearance of this room was sad and melancholy, of course – how could it be otherwise! – but, on the whole, encouraging.

           The close, low, chamber at the back, in which the boys were crowded, was so foul and stifling as to be, at first, almost insupportable. But its moral aspect was so far worse than its physical, that this was soon forgotten. Huddled together on a bench about the room, and shown out by some flaring candles stuck against the walls, were a crowd of boys, varying from mere infants to young men; sellers of fruit, herbs, lucifer-matches, flints; sleepers under the dry arches of bridges; young thieves and beggars–with nothing natural to youth about them: with nothing frank, ingenuous, or pleasant in their faces; low-browed, vicious, cunning, wicked; abandoned of all help but this; speeding downward to destruction; and UNUTTERABLY IGNORANT.

           This, Reader, was one room as full as it could hold; but these were only grains in sample of a Multitude that are perpetually sifting through these schools; in sample of a Multitude who had within them once, and perhaps have now, the elements of men as good as you or I, and may-be infinitely better; in sample of a Multitude among whose doomed and sinful ranks (oh, think of this, and think of them!) the child of any man upon this earth, however lofty his degree, must, as by Destiny and Fate, be found, if, at its birth, it were consigned to such an infancy and nurture, as these fallen creatures had!

           This was the Class I saw at the Ragged School. They could not be trusted with books; they could only be instructed orally; they were difficult of reduction to anything like attention, obedience, or decent behaviour; their benighted ignorance in reference to the Deity, or to any social duty (how could they guess at any social duty, being so discarded by all social teachers but the gaoler and the hangman!) was terrible to see. Yet, even here, and among these, something had been done already. The Ragged School was of recent date and very poor;14 but it had inculcated some association with the name of the Almighty, which was not an oath: and had taught them to look forward in a hymn (they sang it) to another life, which would correct the miseries and woes of this.

           The new exposition I found in this Ragged School, of the frightful neglect by the State of those whom it punishes so constantly, and whom it might, as easily and less expensively, instruct and save; together with the sight I had seen there, in the heart of London; haunted me, and finally impelled me to an endeavour to bring these Institutions under the notice of the Government;15 with some faint hope that the vastness of the question would supersede the Theology of the schools,16 and that the Bench of Bishops might adjust the latter question, after some small grant had been conceded. I made the attempt: and have heard no more of the subject, from that hour.

           The perusal of an advertisement in yesterday’s paper, announcing a lecture on the Ragged Schools last night,17 has led me into these remarks. I might easily have given them another form; but I address this letter to you, in the hope that some few readers in whom I have awakened an interest, as a writer of fiction, may be, by that means, attracted to the subject, who might otherwise, unintentionally, pass it over.

           I have no desire to praise the system pursued in the Ragged Schools: which is necessarily very imperfect, if indeed there be one. So far as I have any means of judging of what is taught there, I should individually object to it, as not being sufficiently secular, and as presenting too many religious mysteries and difficulties, to minds not sufficiently prepared for their reception. But I should very imperfectly discharge in myself the duty I wish to urge and impress on others, if I allowed any such doubt of mine to interfere with my appreciation of the efforts of these teachers, or my true wish to promote them by any slight means in my power. Irritating topics, of all kinds, are equally far removed from my purpose and intention. But, I adjure those excellent persons who aid, munificently, in the building of New Churches, to think of these Ragged Schools; to reflect whether some portion of their rich endowments might not be spared for such a purpose; to contemplate, calmly, the necessity of beginning at the beginning; to consider for themselves where the Christian Religion most needs and most suggests immediate help and illustration; and not to decide on any theory or hearsay, but to go themselves into the Prisons and the Ragged Schools, and form their own conclusions. They will be shocked, pained, and repelled, by much that they learn there; but nothing they Can18 learn, will be one-thousandth part so shocking, painful, and repulsive, as the continuance, for one year more, of these things as they have been for too many years already.

           Anticipating that some of the more prominent facts connected with the history of the Ragged Schools, may become known to the readers of THE DAILY NEWS through your account of the lecture in question,19 I abstain (though in possession of some such information) from pursuing the question further, at this time. But if I should see occasion, I will take leave to return to it.20

CHARLES DICKENS.

Wednesday morning, Feb. 4, 1846.

• 1. CD was inaugural editor of the Daily News, until his resignation on 9 Feb 1846. His first issue appeared 21 Jan 1846, and contained CD’s only editorial in the seventeen issues published under his editorship. The article asserted that the Daily News would advocate for “Principles of Progress and Improvement; of Education, Civil and Religious Liberty, and Equal Legislation” (p. 4). CD's replacement as editor was John Forster (1812–76; Dictionary of National Biography), historian and man of letters, CD’s closest friend, and his literary and legal advisor.
• 2. Published under the title "Crime and Education".
• 3. A system of free schools established in from the early 1840s for the education of the poor. A formal London Ragged School Union was formed in 1844, and by “the time of its second annual meeting in June 1846, the LRSU oversaw 26 schools, attended by 2,600 children and 250 teachers. Four years later, these figures had risen to 94 schools, overseen by 1,450 volunteer teachers and 156 paid” (Laura M. Mair, Religion and Relationships in Ragged Schools: An Intimate History of Educating the Poor, 1844-1870 [London: Routledge, 2019], p. 43). Initially established for religious education, the Ragged Schools expanded to include industrial training. They also provided accommodation, clothing and meals for pupils. For CD’s early interest in the schools, see To Miss Burdett Coutts, 5 Sep 1843, Pilgrim Letters p. 554 and 554n, and P. A. W. Collins, "Dickens and the Ragged Schools", Dickensian 55 (1959), pp. 94-109. Ragged Schools existed until 1870, when the Education Act, which guaranteed compulsory education for all, was passed.
• 4. The Charity School movement began at the end of the 17th century; schools were supported by private contributions, for the free or cheap education of children of the poor. These institutions appeared across the country, with a high number in and around London; pupils were provided with clothing, education and lodging, and aided in securing apprenticeships. Because of the privilege associated with a position at a charity school, places were usually allocated by trustees to the ‘deserving’ poor.
• 5. Newgate prison, which CD had visited several times; see "A Visit to Newgate" in Sketches by Boz (1836); on 6 July 1840, CD attended the public execution of François Benjamin Courvoisier outside the prison. A crowd of around 40,000 people attended the execution of the Swiss valet, who was convicted of murdering Lord William Russell. For details of the trial see Proceedings of the Old Bailey, June 1840; https://www.oldbaileyonline.org/browse.jsp?div=t18400615-1629.
• 6. Captain George Laval Chesterton (1801-68), Governor of the Middlesex House of Correction, Colbath Fields, from 1829 to 1854. CD became a friend and admirer, initially intending to write an account of Coldbath Fields for Sketches by Boz; see Neil Davie, "Decent Restraint Spurned: Dickens, Penal Policy and Conflict at Cold Bath Fields Prison, 1846–1850", in Reading Dickens Differently, ed. Leon Litvack and Nathalie Vanfasse (Chichester: Wiley Blackwell, 2020), pp. 75-91.
• 7. Lieutenant Augustus Frederick Tracey, RN (1798-1878), Governor of Westminster House of Correction, Tothill Fields.
• 8. Coldbath Fields Prison.
• 9. Thus in printed source.
• 10. The advertisement, written by S. R. Starey, Treasurer of the Field Lane school, appeared in The Times 18 Feb 1843. The full text is reprinted in Pilgrim Letters 3, p. 554n.
• 11. To S. R. Starey, 12 Sep 1843, Pilgrim Letters 3, p. 561.
• 12. CD first visited the Field Lane Ragged School on 14 Sep 1843. For his account of his visit, see To Miss Burdett Coutts, 16 Sep 1843, Pilgrim Letters 3, p. 562. CD proposed an article on the school to Macvey Napier (1776–1847), editor of the Edinburgh Review, but it was never completed (see To Napier, 16 Sep 1843, Pilgrim Letters 3, p. 565).
• 13. The Field Lane workhouse was at 65 West Street, Saffron Hill.
• 14. Founded in 1841 by Andrew Provan at Caroline Court, the school moved to West Street in Nov 1842. Field Lane was created through the efforts of the Earl of Shaftesbury and W. C. Bevan, who were responsible for establishing the 1842 school. The Field Lane Institute was composed of the Ragged School, an Industrial School which offered training of 60 boys under the age of 14, a Home for Female Servants, and Field Lane Night Refuge (1851), which provided food and accommodation for 30 men and 30 women (David Paroissien, Selected Letters of Charles Dickens [London: Macmillan, 1985], p. 192).
• 15. CD inquired about a grant from the Committee of Council on Education, enlisting Angela Burdett Coutts to approach Dudley Rider, Viscount Sandon. See To Miss Burdett Coutts, 17 Oct 1843, Pilgrim Letters 3, p. 583, and P. A. W. Collins, ‘Dickens and the Ragged Schools’, Dickensian 55 (1959), p. 98.
• 16. For CD’s concerns about religious teaching in the schools, see P. A. W. Collins, ‘Dickens and the Ragged Schools’. CD wrote to Starey to ask that, if he was successful in securing additional funding, visiting teachers and volunteers “confin[e] their questions and instructions, as a point of honour, to the broad truths”, avoiding “religious Mysteries that young people with the best advantages, can but imperfectly understand” (To S. R. Starey, 24 Sep 1843, Pilgrim Letters 3, pp. 573-74).
• 17. A lecture by the Rev. Robert Ainslie on Ragged Schools, at the Literary and Scientific Institution, 3 Feb 1846. Advertised in The Times 2 Feb 1846, p. 1.
• 18. Thus in printed source.
• 19. Reported in the Daily News, 4 Feb 1846, p. 4.
• 20. For CD’s ongoing interest in the Ragged Schools, see P. A. W. Collins, ‘Dickens and the Ragged Schools’ and David Paroissien, Selected Letters of Charles Dickens, p. 192.